Core KEMI FunctionsLink

The exports to KEMI framework from the core of Kamailio:

  • several functions directly to KSR module (like KSR.function(params)), which are mostly the main functions from the core and for writing log messages (some being part of xlog module for native kamailio.cfg language)
  • the KSR.pv submodule, which are the generic functions to manage pseudo-variables, like set and get operations (some types of variables can have dedicated functions exported by various module, like htable to work with items in the shared memory hash table, or r-uri and xavp operations from pv and kemix modules).
  • the KSR.hdr submodule, which are the most used functions for managing SIP message headers (some of the functions in this submodules correspond to the ones in textops or textopsx modules for kamailio.cfg).

Example of using KEMI functions exported to Lua interpreter:

KSR.dbg("a debug message from Lua script\n");
KSR.hdr.remove("Route");

Note: if a function exported by the core to native Kamailio configuration file is missing here, check the exports of KSR.corex submodule, some of them have alternatives there (e.g., force_send_socket() can be done with KSR.corex.set_send_scoket()).

Exported functions from core directly to KSR module, KSR.pv or KSR.hdr submodules are listed in the next sections.

KSR.add_local_rport()Link

bool add_local_rport()

Set the internal flag to add rport parameter to local generated Via header.

Example:

KSR.add_local_rport();

KSR.add_tcp_alias()Link

add_tcp_alias(int port)

Adds a tcp port alias for the current connection (if tcp). Useful if you want to send all the trafic to port_alias through the same connection this request came from (it could help for firewall or nat traversal). When the aliased connection is closed (e.g. it is idle for too much time), all the port aliases are removed.

KSR.add_tcp_alias(5080);

KSR.add_tcp_alias_via()Link

int add_tcp_alias_via()

Adds the port from the message via as an alias to TCP connection. See add_tcp_alias(int port) for more details.

Example:

KSR.add_tcp_alias_via();

void KSR.log(...)Link

void KSR.log(str "level", str "msg")

Write a log message specifying the level value. The level parameter can be:

  • "dbg"
  • "info"
  • "notice"
  • "warn"
  • "crit"
  • "err"

If level value is not matched, then "err" log level is used.

Example:

KSR.log("dbg", "debug log message from: " + KSR.pv.getw("$si") + "\r\n");

void KSR.dbg(...)Link

void KSR.dbg(str "msg")

Write a log message to DEBUG level.

Example:

KSR.dbg("debug log message from embedded interpreter\n");

void KSR.err(...)Link

void KSR.err(str "msg")

Write a log message to ERROR level.

Example:

KSR.err("error log message from embedded interpreter\n");

void KSR.info(...)Link

void KSR.info(str "msg")

Write a log message to INFO level.

Example:

KSR.info("info log message from embedded interpreter\n");

void KSR.notice(...)Link

void KSR.notice(str "msg")

Write a log message to NOTICE level.

Example:

KSR.notice("notice log message from embedded interpreter\n");

void KSR.warn(...)Link

void KSR.warn(str "msg")

Write a log message to WARN level.

Example:

KSR.warn("warn log message from embedded interpreter\n");

void KSR.crit(...)Link

void KSR.crit(str "msg")

Write a log message to CRIT level.

Example:

KSR.crit("critical log message from embedded interpreter\n");

int KSR.get_debug(...)Link

int KSR.get_debug()

Return the debug level for config logging.

Example:

if KSR.get_debug() < 2 then
  -- debug and info log messages are not printed
end

KSR.force_rport()Link

bool force_rport()

Add rport parameter to the top Via of the incoming request and sent the SIP response to source port.

KSR.is_method()Link

bool is_method(str "vmethod")

Return true if the value of the parameter matches the method type of the SIP message.

if(KSR.is_method("INVITE")) {
  ...
}

KSR.is_method_in()Link

bool is_method_in(str "vmethod")

Return true if SIP method of the currently processed message is matching one of the corresponding characters given as parameter.

Matching the method is done based on corresponding characters:

  • A - ACK
  • B - BYE
  • C - CANCEL
  • I - INVITE
  • K - KDMQ
  • M - MESSAGE
  • N - NOTIFY
  • O - OPTIONS
  • E - PRACK
  • P - PUBLISH
  • F - REFER
  • R - REGISTER
  • S - SUBSCRIBE
  • U - UPDATE
  • G - GET
  • T - POST
  • V - PUT
  • D - DELETE

Example:

if KSR.is_method_in("IABC") then
  -- the method is INVITE, ACK, BYE or CANCEL
  ...
end

KSR.is_INVITE()Link

bool is_INVITE()

Return true if the method type of the SIP message is INVITE.

Example:

if KSR.is_INVITE() then
  ...
end

KSR.is_ACK()Link

bool is_ACK()

Return true if the method type of the SIP message is ACK.

Example:

if KSR.is_ACK() then
  ...
end

KSR.is_BYE()Link

bool is_BYE()

Return true if the method type of the SIP message is BYE.

Example:

if KSR.is_BYE() then
  ...
end

KSR.is_CANCEL()Link

bool is_CANCEL()

Return true if the method type of the SIP message is CANCEL.

Example:

if KSR.is_CANCEL() then
  ...
end

KSR.is_REGISTER()Link

bool is_REGISTER()

Return true if the method type of the SIP message is REGISTER.

Example:

if KSR.is_REGISTER() then
  ...
end

KSR.is_MESSAGE()Link

bool is_MESSAGE()

Return true if the method type of the SIP message is MESSAGE.

Example:

if KSR.is_MESSAGE() then
  ...
end

KSR.is_SUBSCRIBE()Link

bool is_SUBSCRIBE()

Return true if the method type of the SIP message is SUBSCRIBE.

Example:

if KSR.is_SUBSCRIBE() then
  ...
end

KSR.is_PUBLISH()Link

bool is_PUBLISH()

Return true if the method type of the SIP message is PUBLISH.

Example:

if KSR.is_PUBLISH() then
  ...
end

KSR.is_NOTIFY()Link

bool is_NOTIFY()

Return true if the method type of the SIP message is NOTIFY.

Example:

if KSR.is_NOTIFY() then
  ...
end

KSR.is_OPTIONS()Link

bool is_OPTIONS()

Return true if the method type of the SIP message is OPTIONS.

Example:

if KSR.is_OPTIONS() then
  ...
end

KSR.is_REFER()Link

bool is_REFER()

Return true if the method type of the SIP message is REFER.

Example:

if KSR.is_REFER() then
  ...
end

KSR.is_INFO()Link

bool is_INFO()

Return true if the method type of the SIP message is INFO.

Example:

if KSR.is_INFO() then
  ...
end

KSR.is_UPDATE()Link

bool is_UPDATE()

Return true if the method type of the SIP message is UPDATE.

Example:

if KSR.is_UPDATE() then
  ...
end

KSR.is_PRACK()Link

bool is_PRACK()

Return true if the method type of the SIP message is PRACK.

Example:

if KSR.is_PRACK() then
  ...
end

KSR.is_KDMQ()Link

bool is_KDMQ()

Return true if the method type of the SIP message is KDMQ.

Example:

if KSR.is_KDMQ() then
  ...
end

KSR.is_GET()Link

bool is_GET()

Return true if the method type of the HTTP message is GET.

Example:

if KSR.is_GET() then
  ...
end

KSR.is_POST()Link

bool is_POST()

Return true if the method type of the HTTP message is POST.

Example:

if KSR.is_POST() then
  ...
end

KSR.is_PUT()Link

bool is_PUT()

Return true if the method type of the HTTP message is PUT.

Example:

if KSR.is_PUT() then
  ...
end

KSR.is_DELETE()Link

bool is_DELETE()

Return true if the method type of the HTTP message is DELETE.

Example:

if KSR.is_DELETE() then
  ...
end

KSR.is_myself(...)Link

bool KSR.is_myself(str "uri")

Return true of the URI address provided as parameter matches a local socket (IP) or local domain.

if KSR.is_myself("sip:127.0.0.1:5060") then
  ...
end

KSR.is_myself_duri()Link

bool is_myself_duri()

Return true if the destination URI ($du) matches a local socket (IP) or local domain.

KSR.is_myself_furi()Link

bool is_myself_furi()

Return true if the URI in From header matches a local socket (IP) or local domain.

if KSR.is_myself_furi() then
  ...
end

KSR.is_myself_nhuri()Link

bool is_myself_nhuri()

Return true if the next hop URI ($nh(u)) matches a local socket (IP) or local domain.

if KSR.is_myself_nhuri() then
  ...
end

KSR.is_myself_ruri()Link

bool is_myself_ruri()

Return true if the R-URI matches a local socket (IP) or local domain.

if KSR.is_myself_ruri() then
  ...
end

KSR.is_myself_turi()Link

bool is_myself_turi()

Return true if the URI in To header matches a local socket (IP) or local domain.

if KSR.is_myself_turi() then
  ...
end

KSR.is_myself_suri()Link

bool is_myself_suri()

Return true if the URI built from source IP, source port and protocol matches a local socket (IP).

if KSR.is_myself_suri() then
  ...
end

KSR.is_myself_srcip()Link

bool is_myself_srcip()

Return true if the source IP matches a local socket (IP).

if KSR.is_myself_srcip() then
  ...
end

KSR.is_TCP()Link

bool is_TCP()

Return true if the incoming protocol is TCP.

if KSR.is_TCP() then
  ...
end

KSR.is_TLS()Link

bool is_TLS()

Return true if the incoming protocol is TLS.

if KSR.is_TLS() then
  ...
end

KSR.is_SCTP()Link

bool is_SCTP()

Return true if the incoming protocol is SCTP.

if KSR.is_SCTP() then
  ...
end

KSR.is_UDP()Link

bool is_UDP()

Return true if the incoming protocol is UDP.

if KSR.is_UDP() then
  ...
end

KSR.is_WS()Link

bool is_WS()

Return true if the incoming protocol is WS.

if KSR.is_WS() then
  ...
end

KSR.is_WSS()Link

bool is_WSS()

Return true if the incoming protocol is WSS.

if KSR.is_WSS() then
  ...
end

KSR.is_WSX()Link

bool is_WSX()

Return true if the incoming protocol is WS or WSS.

if KSR.is_WSX() then
  ...
end

KSR.is_proto(...)Link

bool is_proto(str sproto)

Return true if the incoming protocol is matching one of the flags provided in the sproto parameter. The flags are represented by letters and they are:

  • e or E - match for TLS protocol (encrypted stream)
  • s or S - match for SCTP protocol
  • t or T - match for TCP protocol
  • u or U - match for UDP protocol
  • v or V - match for WS protocol
  • W or W - match for WSS protocol
if KSR.is_proto("EW") then
  ...
end

KSR.is_IPv4()Link

bool is_IPv4()

Return true if the SIP message was received over IPv4.

if KSR.is_IPv4() then
  ...
end

KSR.is_IPv6()Link

bool is_IPv6()

Return true if the SIP message was received over IPv6.

if KSR.is_IPv6() then
  ...
end

KSR.setflag(...)Link

bool KSR.setflag(int flag)

Set the SIP message/transaction flag at the index provided by the parameter. The flag parameter has to be a number from 0 to 31.

KSR.setflag(10);

KSR.resetflag(...)Link

bool KSR.resetflag(int flag)

Reset the SIP message/transaction flag at the index provided by the parameter. The flag parameter has to be a number from 0 to 31.

KSR.resetflag(10);

KSR.isflagset(...)Link

bool KSR.isflagset(int flag)

Return true if the message/transaction flag at the index provided by the parameter is set (the bit has value 1).

if KSR.isflagset(10) then
  ...
end

KSR.setbflag(...)Link

bool KSR.setbflag(int flag)

Set the branch flag at the index provided by the parameter. The flag parameter has to be a number from 0 to 31.

KSR.setbflag(10);

KSR.resetbflag(...)Link

bool KSR.resetbflag(int flag)

Reset the branch flag at the index provided by the parameter. The flag parameter has to be a number from 0 to 31.

KSR.resetbflag(10);

KSR.isbflagset(...)Link

bool KSR.isbflagset(int flag)

Return true if the branch flag at the index provided by the parameter is set (the bit has value 1).

if KSR.isbflagset(10) then
  ...
end

KSR.setbiflag(...)Link

bool KSR.setbiflag(int flag, int branch)

Set the flag at the index provided by the first parameter to the branch number specified by the second parameter. The flag parameter has to be a number from 0 to 31. The branch parameter should be between 0 and 12 (a matter of max_branches global parameter).

KSR.setbiflag(10, 2);

KSR.resetbiflag(...)Link

bool KSR.resetbiflag(int flag, int branch)

Reset a branch flag by position and branch index.

KSR.isbiflagset(...)Link

bool KSR.isbiflagset(int flag, int branch)

Test if a branch flag is set by position and branch index.

KSR.setsflag(...)Link

bool KSR.setsflag(int flag)

Set a script flag.

KSR.resetsflag(...)Link

bool KSR.resetsflag(int flag)

Reset a script flag.

KSR.issflagset(...)Link

bool KSR.issflagset(int flag)

Test if a script flag is set.

KSR.seturi(...)Link

bool KSR.seturi(str "uri")

Set the request URI (R-URI).

Example:

KSR.seturi("sip:alice@voip.com");

KSR.setuser(...)Link

bool KSR.setuser(str "user")

Example:

KSR.setuser("alice");

KSR.sethost(...)Link

bool KSR.sethost(str "host")

Example:

KSR.sethost("voip.com");

KSR.setdsturi(...)Link

bool KSR.setdsturi(str "uri")

Example:

KSR.setdsturi("sip:voip.com:5061;transport=tls");

KSR.resetdsturi(...)Link

bool KSR.resetdsturi()

Reset the destination URI (aka: outbound proxy address, dst_uri, $du).

KSR.isdsturiset(...)Link

bool KSR.isdsturiset()

Test if destination URI is set.

KSR.force_rport(...)Link

bool KSR.force_rport()

Set the flag for "rport" handling (send the reply based on source address instead of Via header).

Example:

KSR.force_rport();

KSR.set_drop(...)Link

void KSR.set_drop()

Set the DROP flag, so at the end of KEMI script execution, the SIP request branch or the SIP response is not forwarded.

Note: it doesn't not stop the execution of KEMI script, see KSR.x.drop().

Example:

KSR.set_drop();

KSR.set_advertised_address()Link

int set_advertised_address(str "addr")

Set the address (host or ip) to be advertised in Via header.

KSR.set_advertised_port()Link

int set_advertised_port(str "port")

Set the port (in string format) to be advertised in Via header.

KSR.set_forward_close(...)Link

bool KSR.set_forward_close()

Set the flag to close the connection after forwarding the message.

KSR.set_forward_no_connect(...)Link

bool KSR.set_forward_no_connect()

Set the flag to not open a connection if the connection to the target does not exist when attempting to forward a message.

KSR.set_reply_close(...)Link

bool KSR.set_reply_close()

Set the flag to close the connection after sending a response.

KSR.set_reply_no_connect(...)Link

bool KSR.set_reply_no_connect()

Set the flag to not open a connection if the connection for sending the response does not exist.

KSR.forward(...)Link

int KSR.forward()

Forward the SIP request in stateless mode to the address set in destination URI ($du), or, if this is not set, to the address in request URI ($ru).

KSR.forward_uri(...)Link

int KSR.forward_uri(str "uri")

Forward the SIP request in stateless mode to the address provided in the SIP URI parameter.

KSR.forward_uri("sip:127.0.0.1:5080;transport=tcp");

KSR.route(...)Link

int KSR.route(str "rname")

Execute a route block written in configuration file using native scripting language. It returns 0 if the last action in the route block is an exit operation (e.g., like exit, drop or Kamailio function returning 0).

Example:

KSR.route("REQINIT");

KSR.to_IPv4()Link

bool to_IPv4()

Return true if the outgoing protocol is IPv4, based on host part in destination URI or R-RUI (if it is an IP address, no DNS query is done).

if KSR.to_IPv4() then
  ...
end

KSR.to_IPv6()Link

bool to_IPv6()

Return true if the outgoing protocol is IPv6, based on host part in destination URI or R-RUI (if it is an IP address, no DNS query is done).

if KSR.to_IPv6() then
  ...
end

KSR.to_TCP()Link

bool to_TCP()

Return true if the outgoing protocol is TCP, based on transport parameter in destination URI or R-RUI.

if KSR.to_TCP() then
  ...
end

KSR.to_TLS()Link

bool to_TLS()

Return true if the outgoing protocol is TLS, based on transport parameter in destination URI or R-RUI.

if KSR.to_TLS() then
  ...
end

KSR.to_SCTP()Link

bool to_SCTP()

Return true if the outgoing protocol is SCTP, based on transport parameter in destination URI or R-RUI.

if KSR.to_SCTP() then
  ...
end

KSR.to_UDP()Link

bool to_UDP()

Return true if the outgoing protocol is UDP, based on transport parameter in destination URI or R-RUI.

if KSR.to_UDP() then
  ...
end

KSR.to_WS()Link

bool to_WS()

Return true if the outgoing protocol is WS, based on transport parameter in destination URI or R-RUI.

if KSR.to_WS() then
  ...
end

KSR.to_WSS()Link

bool to_WSS()

Return true if the outgoing protocol is WSS, based on transport parameter in destination URI or R-RUI.

if KSR.to_WSS() then
  ...
end

KSR.to_WSX()Link

bool to_WSX()

Return true if the outgoing protocol is WS or WSS, based on transport parameter in destination URI or R-RUI.

if KSR.to_WSX() then
  ...
end

KSR.pv SubmoduleLink

KSR.pv submodule provides the functions to get, set and test the values of pseduo-variables.

The pvname that appears in the next sections in the function prototypes has to be a valid pseudo-variable name for Kamailio native configuration file (for example $ru, $var(x), $shv(z), ...). The list of available pseudo-variables is available on the wiki:

  • https://www.kamailio.org/wiki/cookbooks/devel/pseudovariables

Note: some global Kamailio variable types with value stored in shared memory have to be defined via modparam in kamailio.cfg in order to become available in all Kamailio processes. For example all used $shv(...) have to be defined via pv module with:

modparam("pv", "shvset", "name=value")

Note: functions exported by Kamailio's pv module are in KSR.pvx package.

KSR.pv.get(...)Link

xval KSR.pv.get(str "pvname")

Return the value of pseudo-variable pvname. The returned value can be string, integer or null (if pseudo-variable isn't set or $null).

Example:

KSR.dbg("ruri is: " + KSR.pv.get("$ru") + "\n");

KSR.pv.gete(...)Link

xval KSR.pv.gete(str "pvname")

Return the value of pseudo-variable pvname if it is different than $null or the empty string ("") if the variable is having the $null value.

Example:

KSR.dbg("avp is: " + KSR.pv.gete("$avp(x)") + "\n");

KSR.pv.getvn(...)Link

xval KSR.pv.getvn(str "pvname", int vn)

Return the value of pseudo-variable pvname if it is different than $null or the parameter vn if the variable is having the $null value.

Example:

KSR.dbg("avp is: " + KSR.pv.getvn("$avp(x)", 0) + "\n");

KSR.pv.getvs(...)Link

xval KSR.pv.getvs(str "pvname", str "vs")

Return the value of pseudo-variable pvname if it is different than $null or the parameter vs if the variable is having the $null value.

Example:

KSR.dbg("avp is: " + KSR.pv.getvs("$avp(x)", "foo") + "\n");

KSR.pv.getw(...)Link

xval KSR.pv.getw(str "pvname")

Return the value of pseudo-variable pvname if it is different than $null or the string <<null>> if the variable is having the $null value. This should be used instead of KSR.pv.get(...) in the scripting languages that throw and error when attempting to print a NULL (or NIL) value.

Example:

KSR.dbg("avp is: " + KSR.pv.getw("$avp(x)") + "\n");

KSR.pv.seti(...)Link

void KSR.pv.seti(str "pvname", int val)

Set the value of pseudo-variable pvname to integer value provided by parameter val.

Example:

KSR.pv.seti("$var(x)", 10);

KSR.pv.sets(...)Link

void KSR.pv.sets(str "pvname", str "val")

Set the value of pseudo-variable pvname to string value provided by parameter val.

Example:

KSR.pv.sets("$var(x)", "kamailio");

KSR.pv.unset(...)Link

void KSR.pv.unset(str "pvname")

Set the value of pseudo-variable pvname to $null.

Example:

KSR.pv.unset("$avp(x)");

KSR.pv.is_null(...)Link

bool KSR.pv.is_null(str "pvname")

Return true if pseudo-variable pvname is $null.

Example:

if(KSR.pv.is_null("$avp(x)")) {
  ...
}

KSR.hdr SubmoduleLink

KSR.hdr.append(...)Link

int KSR.hdr.append(str "hdrval")

Append header to current SIP message (request or reply). It will be added after the last header.

Example:

KSR.hdr.append("X-My-Hdr: " + KSR.pv.getw("$si") + "\r\n");

KSR.hdr.append_after(...)Link

int KSR.hdr.append_after(str "hdrval", str "hdrname")

Append header to current SIP message (request or reply). It will be added after the first header matching the name hdrname.

Example:

KSR.hdr.append_after("X-My-Hdr: " + KSR.pv.getw("$si") + "\r\n", "Call-Id");

KSR.hdr.insert(...)Link

int KSR.hdr.insert(str "hdrval")

Insert header to current SIP message (request or reply). It will be added before the first header.

Example:

KSR.hdr.insert("X-My-Hdr: " + KSR.pv.getw("$si") + "\r\n");

KSR.hdr.insert_before(...)Link

int KSR.hdr.insert_before(str "hdrval", str "hdrname")

Insert header to current SIP message (request or reply). It will be added before the header matching the name hdrname.

Example:

KSR.hdr.insert_before("X-My-Hdr: " + KSR.pv.getw("$si") + "\r\n", "Call-Id");

KSR.hdr.remove(...)Link

int KSR.hdr.remove(str "hdrval")

Remove all the headers with the name hdrval.

Example:

KSR.hdr.remove("X-My-Hdr");

KSR.hdr.rmappend(...)Link

int KSR.hdr.rmappend(str "hrm", str "hadd")

Remove all the headers with the name hrm and append hadd. The value for hadd must include header name name and ending \r\n. This function is a a wrapper for KSR.hdr.remove("hrm") and KSR.hdr.append("hadd").

Example:

KSR.hdr.rmappend("X-My-Hdr", "X-My-Hdr: abc\r\n");

KSR.hdr.is_present(...)Link

int KSR.hdr.is_present(str "hdrval")

Return greater than 0 if a header with the name hdrval exists and less than 0 if there is no such header.

Example:

if(KSR.hdr.is_present("X-My-Hdr") > 0) {
  ...
}

KSR.hdr.append_to_reply(...)Link

int KSR.hdr.append_to_reply(str "hdrval")

Add a header to the SIP response to be generated by Kamailio for the current SIP request.

Example:

KSR.hdr.append_to_reply("X-My-Hdr: " + KSR.pv.getw("$si") + "\r\n");

KSR.hdr.get(...)Link

xval KSR.hdr.get(str "hname")

Return the value of the header matching the name with hname or NULL if that header is not found.

Example:

v = KSR.hdr.get("X-My-Hdr");

KSR.hdr.get_idx(...)Link

xval KSR.hdr.get(str "hname", int idx)

Return the value of the header matching the name with hname at the index idx or NULL if that header is not found. The index starts with 0 for first header and can be negative to count backwards from the last header (which corresponds to index -1).

Example:

v = KSR.hdr.get_idx("X-My-Hdr", 1);

KSR.hdr.gete(...)Link

xval KSR.hdr.gete(str "hname")

Return the value of the header matching the name with hname or empty string if that header is not found.

Example:

v = KSR.hdr.gete("X-My-Hdr");

KSR.hdr.gete_idx(...)Link

xval KSR.hdr.gete(str "hname", int idx)

Return the value of the header matching the name with hname at the index idx or empty string if that header is not found.

Example:

v = KSR.hdr.gete_idx("X-My-Hdr", -1);

KSR.hdr.getw(...)Link

xval KSR.hdr.getw(str "hname")

Return the value of the header matching the name with hname or string <<null>> if that header is not found.

Example:

v = KSR.hdr.getw("X-My-Hdr");

KSR.hdr.getw_idx(...)Link

xval KSR.hdr.getw_idx(str "hname", int idx)

Return the value of the header matching the name with hname at the index idx or string <<null>> if that header is not found.

Example:

v = KSR.hdr.getw_idx("X-My-Hdr", 2);

KSR.hdr.match_content(...)Link

bool KSR.hdr.match_content(str "hname", str "op", str "mval", str "eidx")

Return true on matching the content of headers based on the expression from the parameters, otherwise false.

The parameters are: * hname - header name * op- the matching operator, it can be: eq - equal; ne - not equal; sw - starts with; in - includes; * mval - matching value * eidx - expression of the index, it can be: 'f' - first header only; l - last header only; a - all headers; o - at least one header

Example:

if(KSR.hdr.match_content("X-My-Hdr", "in", "test", "o")) { ... }