- sr-users - kamailio.org

Kamailio - Initiating invite on REFER
by Muhammad Danish Moosa 02 Jan '24

02 Jan '24

Hi champs, In this flow like endpoint -> B2BUA 1-> kamailio -> B2BUA 2, there is a requirement that REFER should be handled by Kamailio and it should manage the transfer , initiating a new invite based on REFER. Any pointer will be helpful -- Danish

3 2

Connect to a remote ENUM(E.164 Number Mapping) server
by elhar.mohamed＠gmail.com 25 Dec '23

25 Dec '23

Hello, I'm using the Kamailio version 5.7.x, I didn't find in the module "enum.so" any option that allow to connect to a remote ENUM server. Could you please help me ! Thanks in advance

2 3

Merry Christmas and Happy Holidays 2023-2024!
by Daniel-Constantin Mierla 25 Dec '23

25 Dec '23

Kamailio project continued to evolve steadily, a new major release was out during this year, next one planned in a few months, relying on an amazing community of developers and users. We hope it kept helping people and companies world wide to connect with the dear ones and build a better way of living. The season holidays are ahead, time to relax, spend time with family and friends! I take again this chance to express my thanks and greetings to all the friends, developers, supporting companies and community members that made 2023 another fantastic year for Kamailio project. Enjoy the holidays! Merry Christmas! Daniel * Santa is flying Kamailio! * -- Daniel-Constantin Mierla (@ asipto.com) twitter.com/miconda -- linkedin.com/in/miconda Kamailio Consultancy, Training and Development Services Kamailio World Conference - April 18-19, 2024, Berlin

2 1

kemi python3s - module 'KSR' has no attribute 'nathelper'
by marek 22 Dec '23

22 Dec '23

hi, trying kamailio 5.7.3 with KEMI pythons3s sample from https://github.com/kamailio/kamailio/blob/master/misc/examples/kemi/kamaili… trying simple register with sipsak sipsak -U --sip-uri "sip:cervajs@kamailio.example.com" -u cervajs -a top_secret 4(28805) ERROR: PY8 {REGISTER}: app_python3s [apy3s_kemi.c:141]: apy3s_exec_func(): error exception occurred 4(28805) ERROR: PY8 {REGISTER}: app_python3s [apy3s_exception.c:167]: apy3s_handle_exception(): apy3s_exec_func: ksr_request_route((null)): Unhandled exception in the Python code: Traceback (most recent call last): File "/etc/kamailio/kamailio.py", line 31, in ksr_request_route if ksr_route_natdetect()==-255 : File "/etc/kamailio/kamailio.py", line 238, in ksr_route_natdetect if KSR.nathelper.nat_uac_test(19)>0 : AttributeError: module 'KSR' has no attribute 'nathelper' i see nat_uac_test in doc https://kamailio.org/docs/tutorials/5.7.x/kamailio-kemi-framework/modules/#… any tips/ideas? happy christmas Marek

1 1

Errors with TLS
by SAMUEL MOYA TINOCO 21 Dec '23

21 Dec '23

Hi everyone, All my environment was working properly. But a few days ago I've started to have problems with my websocket connectios. Everytime I try to register my websocket Kamailio log this Dec 20 09:02:10 prod-kamailio /usr/sbin/kamailio[599]: ERROR: tls [tls_server.c:1330]: tls_h_read_f(): protocol level error Dec 20 09:02:10 prod-kamailio /usr/sbin/kamailio[599]: ERROR: tls [tls_util.h:50]: tls_err_ret(): TLS accept:error:0A000416:SSL routines::sslv3 alert certificate unknown (sni: unknown) Dec 20 09:02:10 prod-kamailio /usr/sbin/kamailio[599]: ERROR: tls [tls_server.c:1334]: tls_h_read_f(): src addr: IP_webclient:61423 Dec 20 09:02:10 prod-kamailio /usr/sbin/kamailio[599]: ERROR: tls [tls_server.c:1337]: tls_h_read_f(): dst addr: IP_Kamailio:8443 Dec 20 09:02:10 prod-kamailio /usr/sbin/kamailio[599]: ERROR: <core> [core/tcp_read.c:1476]: tcp_read_req(): ERROR: tcp_read_req: error reading - c: 0x7fbc423053b0 r: 0x7fbc423054d8 (-1) My tls.cfg: [server:default] method = TLSv1.2+ verify_certificate = no require_certificate = yes private_key = /etc/kamailio/cert/clave_SSL.key certificate = /etc/kamailio/cert/certificado.pem Kamailio version: root@prod-kamailio:/etc/kamailio# kamailio -v version: kamailio 5.6.3 (x86_64/linux) flags: USE_TCP, USE_TLS, USE_SCTP, TLS_HOOKS, USE_RAW_SOCKS, DISABLE_NAGLE, USE_MCAST, DNS_IP_HACK, SHM_MMAP, PKG_MALLOC, Q_MALLOC, F_MALLOC, TLSF_MALLOC, DBG_SR_MEMORY, USE_FUTEX, FAST_LOCK-ADAPTIVE_WAIT, USE_DNS_CACHE, USE_DNS_FAILOVER, USE_NAPTR, USE_DST_BLOCKLIST, HAVE_RESOLV_RES, TLS_PTHREAD_MUTEX_SHARED ADAPTIVE_WAIT_LOOPS 1024, MAX_RECV_BUFFER_SIZE 262144, MAX_URI_SIZE 1024, BUF_SIZE 65535, DEFAULT PKG_SIZE 8MB poll method support: poll, epoll_lt, epoll_et, sigio_rt, select. id: unknown compiled with gcc 12.2.0 I don't know why it stopped working. And I'm not sure what to do or what to check. Has anyone faced this problem? Any help would be appreciated Thanks in advance Samuel Moya Tinoco Departamento de Sistemas y Redes Móvil: (+34) 606985997 smoya(a)vivelibre.es<mailto:smoya@vivelibre.es> [cid:image001.png@01DA33E6.D2D833D0] Soluciones inteligentes para la autonomía personal

2 2

How to hang up the call in xhttp routing
by mm e 21 Dec '23

21 Dec '23

event_route[xhttp:request] { if ($hu =~ "hangupCall"){ $var(body) = $rb; xhttp_reply("200", "OK", "",""); jansson_get_field($var(body), "callid", "$var(callid)"); jansson_get_field($var(body), "cseq", "$var(cseq)"); if (t_cancel_callid("$var(callid)", "$var(cseq)", "22")) { xlog("L_NOTICE", "t_cancel_callid============"); } exit; } xhttp_reply("404", "Not Found", "",""); exit; } According to this route, the answered call cannot be hung up。How should I hang up the answered call in xhttp routing, similar to freeswitch's uuid_kill。

1 0

Kamailio - Ms Teams direct Routing - dispatcher issues | FLAGS: IP
by faisal.jamil.khan＠gmail.com 19 Dec '23

19 Dec '23

Hi Team, I am trying to setup Kamailio with MS Teams Direct Routing and after resolving TLS issues now I am getting this at my dispatcher flags. Possible suggestions required. kamcmd dispatcher.list | egrep "URI|FLAGS" URI: sip:sip.pstnhub.microsoft.com:5061;transport=tls FLAGS: IP URI: sip:sip2.pstnhub.microsoft.com:5061;transport=tls FLAGS: IP URI: sip:sip3.pstnhub.microsoft.com:5061;transport=tls FLAGS: IP Dec 14 20:23:27 abcsbc.com /usr/sbin/kamailio[9479]: INFO: <script>: Sent out tm request: OPTIONS sip:sip.pstnhub.microsoft.com:5061;transport=tls SIP/2.0 Via: SIP/2.0/TLS abcsbc.com:5061;branch=z9hG4bKd9f6.c2e7d2f4000000000000000000000000.0 To: <sip:sip.pstnhub.microsoft.com:5061;transport=tls> From: <sip:abcsbc.com>;tag=64ff6b492a7d9ab14de1f0b7c15c9c17-c7b52d5e CSeq: 10 OPTIONS Call-ID: 23b2dc436850e949-9479(a)0.0.0.0 Max-Forwards: 70 Content-Length: 0 User-Agent: kamailio (5.6.5 (x86_64/linux)) Dec 14 20:23:28 abcsbc.com /usr/sbin/kamailio[9479]: INFO: <script>: Sent out tm request: OPTIONS sip:sip2.pstnhub.microsoft.com:5061;transport=tls SIP/2.0 Via: SIP/2.0/TLS abcsbc.com:5061;branch=z9hG4bKccf6.53fea6f0000000000000000000000000.0 To: <sip:sip2.pstnhub.microsoft.com:5061;transport=tls> From: <sip:abcsbc.com>;tag=64ff6b492a7d9ab14de1f0b7c15c9c17-7a126c3a CSeq: 10 OPTIONS Call-ID: 23b2dc436850e94a-9479(a)0.0.0.0 Max-Forwards: 70 Content-Length: 0 User-Agent: kamailio (5.6.5 (x86_64/linux)) Dec 14 20:23:28 abcsbc.com /usr/sbin/kamailio[9479]: INFO: <script>: Sent out tm request: OPTIONS sip:sip3.pstnhub.microsoft.com:5061;transport=tls SIP/2.0 Via: SIP/2.0/TLS abcsbc.com:5061;branch=z9hG4bKdcf6.5a4f89e6000000000000000000000000.0 To: <sip:sip3.pstnhub.microsoft.com:5061;transport=tls> From: <sip:abcsbc.com>;tag=64ff6b492a7d9ab14de1f0b7c15c9c17-992aa610 CSeq: 10 OPTIONS Call-ID: 23b2dc436850e94b-9479(a)0.0.0.0 Max-Forwards: 70 Content-Length: 0 User-Agent: kamailio (5.6.5 (x86_64/linux))

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Info: Next Kamailio World Conference - April 18-19, 2024, Berlin, Germany
by Daniel-Constantin Mierla 18 Dec '23

18 Dec '23

Hello, a short announcement to inform that the dates for next Kamailio World Conference have been set to April 18-19, 2024, the event to take place again in Berlin, Germany. It will be a different venue than the past editions, that one not being available. A pre-conference day is considered on April 17, 2024, but it is not yet known in what form and where. The conference is scheduled a bit earlier than the usual in the year because Germany hosts the Euro 2024 football championship during June-July 2024, making May very busy and harder to find adequate conferencing space in Berlin. The website and more details will be published soon. Cheers, Daniel -- Daniel-Constantin Mierla (@ asipto.com) twitter.com/miconda -- linkedin.com/in/miconda Kamailio Consultancy and Development Services Kamailio Advanced Training -- asipto.com

1 0

Regretfully we were unable to process the URI
by Gavin Baumanis 18 Dec '23

18 Dec '23

Hi Everyone, Very new to SIP And to Kamailio Configuration / administration. I have a working AWS instance with Kamailio installed on it - and it works fine. We are creating a whole new environment and I have cloned the existing AWS EC2 instances. I have edited all the configs to ensure that they are using the correct DNS names and / or IP addresses. Otherwise the "configs" are identical. While attempting to call a SIP number, I get the following message, returned to the soft phone I am using (microSIP) *Regretfully we were unable to process the URI (479/SL)* I can also see the same error message in the console of the Kamailio server. I am hoping that this might mean something to someone enough - to suggest some troubleshooting steps, please. Thanks;

3 3

Encoded Call-ID - Topoh module
by Vanderlei Torres Batistela 15 Dec '23

15 Dec '23

Hello all, How can I get the encoded Call-Id generated by TOPOH module to store in the CDR ? Regards, Vanderlei

2 1

{uri.duri} not working
by hanxiaofang＠x-y-t.cn 13 Dec '23

13 Dec '23

Hi Kamailio experts, OS: Debian11 Kamailio ver: 5.7.3 {uri.duri} doesn't seem to work The following script can be reproduced: ``` debug=2 log_stderror=yes # mpath="/usr/local/lib/kamailio/modules/" loadmodule "tm.so" loadmodule "sl.so" loadmodule "pv.so" loadmodule "siputils.so" loadmodule "xlog.so" loadmodule "ctl.so" loadmodule "htable.so" modparam("tm", "failure_reply_mode", 3) modparam("tm", "fr_timer", 30000) modparam("tm", "fr_inv_timer", 120000) request_route { xinfo("*** $sel(msg)\n"); sl_send_reply("404", "Not here"); exit; } event_route[htable:mod-init] { $var(ouri) = "sip:alice@server.com:5060;nat=yes;transport=tcp;line=xyz"; $var(duri) = $(var(ouri){uri.duri}); # => "sip:server.com:5060;transport=tcp" xinfo("ouri = $var(ouri)\n"); xinfo("duri = $var(duri)\n"); if ($var(duri) == "sip:server.com:5060;transport=tcp" ) { xinfo("uri.duri work well\n"); } else { xerr("something is wrong\n"); } } ```

2 4

Proxy Inactivity and Kamailio Log Disruption Issue.
by satyaprakash ch 12 Dec '23

12 Dec '23

HI, Scenario: We possess 2 proxies and 2 registrar servers equipped with dmq functionality. Unexpectedly, one of the Proxy IP addresses was marked as inactive (FLAG: IP) in the dispatcher list, causing the proxy to cease responding. Simultaneously, Kamailio logs stopped recording any activity. Upon restarting the Kamailio service, the problem was resolved, and the proxy resumed normal operation, with the Flag changing back to AP (ACTIVE). The sudden occurrence of this issue is not clear, and due to the cessation of logs during the incident, we lack information for the investigation. Any suggestions on how to address this issue would be appreciated. And is this scenario happened to any one in your experience?

2 3

usrloc ka_mode - Flooding OPTIONS at same time?
by Benoit Panizzon 12 Dec '23

12 Dec '23

Hi We have reached 20000 registered CPE and start facing issues. Am I observing correctly that when ka_mode 4 is enabled, OPTIONS are send simultaneously to all registered CPE and not spread over the interval? They could be the cause very high pps peaks on network equipment? If so, is there a way to spread the ka options over time so they don't cause such high peaks? Or even better, is there a way to enable them for only some customers via a variable? Mit freundlichen Grüssen -Benoît Panizzon- -- I m p r o W a r e A G - Leiter Commerce Kunden ______________________________________________________ Zurlindenstrasse 29 Tel +41 61 826 93 00 CH-4133 Pratteln Fax +41 61 826 93 01 Schweiz Web http://www.imp.ch ______________________________________________________

4 5

is_method_f(): cannot parse cseq header in xhttp:request event route?
by Benoît Panizzon 12 Dec '23

12 Dec '23

Hi all I use event_route[xhttp:request] on Kamailio 5.5 Every time a xhttp request is processed I get this log entry: ERROR: textops [textops.c:3541]: is_method_f(): cannot parse cseq header Almost identical config on Kamailio 5.6 does not show this error. Is that something that got fixed in 5.6? I see a change in the documentation, While 5.5 does not state $rm can be accessed, 5.6 states $rm contains the HTTP method. Or do I somehow leak the http request to somewhere I call is_method() on it after terminating the event route? How should the event_route[xhttp:request] properly be terminated? With 'return' or with 'exit'? -- Mit freundlichen Grüssen -Benoît Panizzon- @ HomeOffice und normal erreichbar -- I m p r o W a r e A G - Leiter Commerce Kunden ______________________________________________________ Zurlindenstrasse 29 Tel +41 61 826 93 00 CH-4133 Pratteln Fax +41 61 826 93 01 Schweiz Web http://www.imp.ch ______________________________________________________

1 0

Upgrade Minor versions
by Gavin Baumanis 11 Dec '23

11 Dec '23

Hi there, I have taken over a project that uses Kamailio. I am aware of what we use it for - I am just not sure on the how... apart from what I have read in the docs. We're currently running 5.4.2 and I'd like to upgrade to (at least) the latest 5.4 offering - as that seems as if it would be the easiest and safest option. So I am hoping I might get some direction, please - on the way forward for an upgrade. The documentation seems OK if you're upgrading minor versions... but I couldn;t find anything about upgrading patch versions. Thanks!

2 2

Updated: Online devel meeting on matrix - 15:00 UTC, Dec 5, 2023
by Daniel-Constantin Mierla 05 Dec '23

05 Dec '23

Hello, we should consider an online devel meeting sometime soon to summarize what was done at (and still needs to be done after) devel meeting in Dusseldorf and plan a bit the targets for next major release (5.8 or 6.0)? If considered useful, I propose Dec 5 at 15:00UTC (16:00 Berlin/Paris/Madrid/Rome), but we can also look for other dates as well. Topics to be discussed can be added at: - https://github.com/kamailio/kamailio-wiki/blob/main/docs/devel/irc-meetings… Pull requests can be made by users without git access. Cheers, Daniel PS: Previous announcement indicated the start time 14:30 UTC, this message changes it to 15:00 UTC - 30min later due to a constraint in availability of one of the Kamailio developers. -- Daniel-Constantin Mierla -- www.asipto.com www.twitter.com/miconda -- www.linkedin.com/in/miconda

1 3

stats.get_statistucs dialog: counter over/underrun?
by Benoit Panizzon 05 Dec '23

05 Dec '23

Hi List Kamailio 5.5 # kamcmd stats.get_statistics dialog: dialog:active_dialogs = 17 dialog:early_dialogs = 18446744073709551615 dialog:expired_dialogs = 0 dialog:failed_dialogs = 31198 dialog:processed_dialogs = 107519 Where could this early_dialog value come from? Mit freundlichen Grüssen -Benoît Panizzon- -- I m p r o W a r e A G - Leiter Commerce Kunden ______________________________________________________ Zurlindenstrasse 29 Tel +41 61 826 93 00 CH-4133 Pratteln Fax +41 61 826 93 01 Schweiz Web http://www.imp.ch ______________________________________________________

1 0

Setting up Kamailio as SIP Proxy
by Saul Ibarra 04 Dec '23

04 Dec '23

Hi, I am needing some help setting up kamailio as a sip proxy between a provider(trunk) and a test pbx The trunk requires username&password and i would like to add that information to the request within the Kamailio proxy, so that the PBX can authenticate directly by IP (without username&password) through the Kamailio proxy. As a programmer with a limited background in SIP (currently learning), I am keen on understanding the intricacies of this setup at the SIP level. Could you please direct me to resources or documentation that covers scenarios similar to mine? Any help or guidance you could provide would be greatly appreciated. Thanks

4 8

tsilo dependency on usrloc
by Alex Balashov 03 Dec '23

03 Dec '23

Hi, I wanted to revisit the topic of tsilo dependence on the location service. All three ts_append*() functions have the following quality: - ts_append(): "performing a contact lookup on the table specified by the domain parameter." - ts_append_by_contact(): "the contact lookup is performed" - ts_append_to(): "performing a contacts lookup on the table specified by the domain parameter" Why is this extensive coupling to usrloc necessary? This makes it impossible to use `tsilo` in case of providing a push-notification add-on that front-ends an upstream registrar, requiring a kind of local shadow registrar or mid-registrar. What would make more sense is a generic mechanism that allows one to "drip" new contacts into an existing transaction, whether suspended or active. Kamailio has a mechanism to add more branches to an existing transaction, but the scope of that mechanism is only from *inside* the vantage point of the transaction in question. The key parlour trick of `tsilo` is that it permits dripping new branches into a *different* transaction. ts_append_to() almost does the trick, providing a target index and label, but it just insists on doing a registrar lookup to source the contacts. What is really wanted and needed for the downstream PN gateway use-case is a means of extracting contacts from incoming registrations (or other sources, potentially) without storing them in any fashion locally, without using or even loading usrloc, and just throwing them over the fence into a different transaction. Is this somehow possible by means other than tsilo? Am I overlooking something? Cheers, -- Alex -- Alex Balashov Principal Consultant Evariste Systems LLC Web: https://evaristesys.com Tel: +1-706-510-6800

2 3

Unable to use db_alias_lookup to call multiple extensions
by Merul Patel, PhD 01 Dec '23

01 Dec '23

Hi, Kamailio newby here. Having some trouble with using alias_db to forward an incoming call to two extensions. Thanks in advance for any help. I've tried using the Ubuntu Jammy ARM64 packages, as well as compiling the source for version 5.7.3. In both cases, I've added three extensions, and calls directly between them work fine with the vanilla kamailio.cfg. However, I then wanted to add an alias so that when called it would dial two extensions, but only the first extension is ever called. My kamailio.cfg only differs in a few places: $ diff kamailio.cfg kamailio.cfg.original 3,6d2 < #!define WITH_AUTH 1 < #!define WITH_DEBUG 1 < #!define WITH_ALIASDB 1 < # 268,270d263 < loadmodule "db_sqlite.so" < #!define DBURL "sqlite:///usr/local/kamailio-devel/etc/kamailio/kamailio.sqlite" < 367c360 < modparam("tm", "failure_reply_mode", 0) --- > modparam("tm", "failure_reply_mode", 3) 450d442 < modparam("alias_db", "append_branches", 1) I can see from the log that when dialling the desired alias (5000) an alias_db query is performed: Dec 01 20:00:23 merrivale /usr/local/kamailio-devel/sbin/kamailio[3264]: DEBUG: {1 2 INVITE 651794328853009-230332414159388(a)192.168.17.145} alias_db [alookup.c:169]: alias_db_query(): new URI [0] is [sip:6002@merrivale.localdomain] Dec 01 20:00:23 merrivale /usr/local/kamailio-devel/sbin/kamailio[3264]: DEBUG: {1 2 INVITE 651794328853009-230332414159388(a)192.168.17.145} alias_db [alookup.c:169]: alias_db_query(): new URI [1] is [sip:6001@merrivale.localdomain] But only the first result is called. I've changed the order of the aliases in the sqlite db and just the first result is called. What am I missing? Merul

1 0

How to use: kamcmd ul.db_users?
by Benoit Panizzon 01 Dec '23

01 Dec '23

Hi List I want to find a way to check how many users are regsitered. https://www.kamailio.org/docs/modules/devel/modules/usrloc.html#usrloc.r.db… But no matter how I try, I get a 500 error... # kamcmd ul.db_users location And yes, the table is called 'location'. I did try to find out how kamctl ul show --brief pulls that information, but did not succeed. Also that command takes way too long how that we have several thousand registered users. Or would I need to query this directly from the database? Mit freundlichen Grüssen -Benoît Panizzon- -- I m p r o W a r e A G - Leiter Commerce Kunden ______________________________________________________ Zurlindenstrasse 29 Tel +41 61 826 93 00 CH-4133 Pratteln Fax +41 61 826 93 01 Schweiz Web http://www.imp.ch ______________________________________________________

2 2

Info: RTC Devroom at FOSDEM 2024
by Daniel-Constantin Mierla 01 Dec '23

01 Dec '23

Hello, another edition of FOSDEM is approaching and it will include again a Real Time Communications devroom. If anyone wants to share their interesting applications or experiences in the field, consider to submit a presentation proposal. The CfP is available at: - https://lists.fosdem.org/pipermail/fosdem/2023q4/003518.html It does not have to be about Kamailio, all RTC topics are welcome, just think to be something useful for developers, as the event is targeting them. Cheers, Daniel -- Daniel-Constantin Mierla (@ asipto.com) twitter.com/miconda -- linkedin.com/in/miconda Kamailio Consultancy and Development Services Kamailio Advanced Training -- asipto.com

1 0

No access to variables within timer route
by dries＠degendt.com 30 Nov '23

30 Nov '23

Hi, I have a timer which is called each 5 seconds: modparam("timer", "declare_timer", "REFRESH_CALLSTATE_TIMER=REFRESH_CALLSTATE_TIMER,5000,slow"); I'm enabling setting the variable "testvar" and enabling the timer when an INVITE is received: if (is_method("INVITE|ACK|UPDATE|CANCEL|BYE")) { $var(testvar) = "blablabla"; timer_enable("REFRESH_CALLSTATE_TIMER", "1"); ... route[REFRESH_CALLSTATE_TIMER] { xlog("L_INFO", "Testvariable: $var(test)\n"); } However, the variable is always 0: INFO: <script>: Testvariable: 0 I've also tried printing pseudovariables like $ci, $du but nothinh seems accessible. Is there a workaround for this? Best regards, Dries

3 6

kamailio t_on_failure tcp timeout
by Julien Chavanton 29 Nov '23

29 Nov '23

Hi, I would like to catch TCP timeouts when I use a socket that was not closed. In this example I am sending SIP MESSAGE ... t_on_reply("ON_REPLY_MESSAGE"); t_on_failure("FAILURE_MESSAGE"); if (!t_relay()) sl_reply_error();

1 2

Evapi Async - suspend transaction for a limited time
by Ilie Soltanici 29 Nov '23

29 Nov '23

Hello, I'm trying to use the evapi_async_relay function from the evapi module, however,I don't want the transaction to be suspended for more than 1 second. For instance, if there's no response from the external application within this time frame, I want the script to continue and remove that transaction from memory. One potential approach I am considering is to add suspended transactions to a hash table with a timestamp value. Then, using rtimer module, I could periodically parse this table every second and process the results, but I'm not sure how efficient is that. Maybe you know other alternative, more efficient solutions (from a performance point of view) that could achieve the same goal? Any insights or recommendations would be greatly appreciated. Thank you.

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