Author of initial tutorial: Davy Van De Moere <davy.van.de.moere@gmail.com> Added info of the secfilter module: Jose Luis Verdeguer <pepeluxx@gmail.com>
Being responsible for VoIP infrastructure means you will have to co-exist with Hackers. This page is an attempt to list (all) config snippets you can use in Kamailio to have more fun and success in your eternal battle!
Albeit being a bad principle, obscuring your networks insecurities as a part of a wider scheme is a good way to keep malicious people away from your network.
In Kamailio there is a great module called topoh, read Daniels post here.
It helps you to hide details, typical use cases being:
(bluntly copied)
loadmodule "/usr/local/lib64/kamailio/modules/topoh.so"
modparam("topoh", "mask_key", "YouDoHaveToChangeThisKey")
modparam("topoh", "mask_ip", "10.0.0.1")
modparam("topoh", "mask_callid", 1)
To further protect the topology of your network, add RTPProxy to your config, this makes sure your Asterisk/FreeSwitch/… boxes can be fully hidden.
Portscans are inevitable, but we can fight back by making sure the portscan takes very long and gives random results, consider an iptables setup like the one below, it needs for sure some tweaking to work for you, but it will make an nmap to your box slow and close to fully useless
*filter :INPUT DROP [0:0] :FORWARD DROP [0:0] :OUTPUT DROP [0:0] :CHECK_TCP - [0:0] :ICMP - [0:0] :PRIVATE - [0:0] :PSD - [0:0] :SERVICES - [0:0] -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -i eth0 -p ipv6 -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -j SERVICES -A OUTPUT -o lo -j ACCEPT -A OUTPUT -m state --state NEW,RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT -A CHECK_TCP -p tcp -m tcp ! --tcp-flags SYN,RST,ACK SYN -m state --state NEW -j DROP -A CHECK_TCP -p tcp -m tcp --tcp-flags FIN,SYN,RST,PSH,ACK,URG FIN,SYN,RST,ACK -j DROP -A CHECK_TCP -p tcp -m tcp --tcp-flags FIN,SYN,RST,PSH,ACK,URG FIN,PSH,URG -j DROP -A CHECK_TCP -p tcp -m tcp --tcp-flags FIN,ACK FIN -m state --state INVALID,NEW,RELATED -j DROP -A CHECK_TCP -p tcp -m tcp --tcp-flags FIN,SYN,RST,PSH,ACK,URG FIN,SYN -j DROP -A CHECK_TCP -p tcp -m tcp --tcp-flags FIN,SYN FIN,SYN -j DROP -A CHECK_TCP -p tcp -m tcp --tcp-flags SYN,RST SYN,RST -j DROP -A CHECK_TCP -p tcp -m tcp --tcp-flags FIN,RST FIN,RST -j DROP -A CHECK_TCP -p tcp -m tcp --tcp-flags PSH,ACK PSH -j DROP -A CHECK_TCP -p tcp -m tcp --tcp-flags ACK,URG URG -j DROP -A CHECK_TCP -p tcp -m tcp --tcp-flags FIN,SYN,RST,PSH,ACK,URG NONE -j DROP -A CHECK_TCP -p tcp -m tcp --tcp-flags FIN,SYN,RST,PSH,ACK,URG FIN,SYN,RST,PSH,ACK,URG -j DROP -A CHECK_TCP -p tcp -m tcp --tcp-option 64 -j DROP -A CHECK_TCP -p tcp -m tcp --tcp-option 128 -j DROP -A ICMP -p icmp -m icmp --icmp-type 11/1 -m limit --limit 5/sec -m state --state NEW -j ACCEPT -A ICMP -p icmp -m icmp --icmp-type 11/0 -m limit --limit 5/sec -m state --state NEW -j ACCEPT -A ICMP -p icmp -m icmp --icmp-type 3 -m limit --limit 10/sec -m state --state NEW -j ACCEPT -A ICMP -p icmp -m icmp --icmp-type 8 -m limit --limit 10/sec --limit-burst 10 -m state --state NEW -j ACCEPT -A ICMP -p icmp -j DROP -A PRIVATE -d 192.168.0.0/16 -j DROP -A PRIVATE -d 172.16.0.0/12 -j DROP -A PRIVATE -d 10.0.0.0/8 -j DROP -A PRIVATE -j RETURN -A PSD -p tcp -m statistic --mode random --probability 0.050000 -j REJECT --reject-with icmp-port-unreachable -A PSD -p tcp -m statistic --mode random --probability 0.050000 -j TARPIT --reset -A PSD -p tcp -m statistic --mode random --probability 0.500000 -j TARPIT --tarpit -A PSD -p udp -m statistic --mode random --probability 0.050000 -j REJECT --reject-with icmp-port-unreachable -A PSD -m statistic --mode random --probability 0.050000 -j REJECT --reject-with icmp-host-unreachable -A SERVICES -p icmp -m state --state INVALID -j DROP -A SERVICES -p icmp -j ICMP -A SERVICES -p tcp -j CHECK_TCP -A SERVICES -p udp -m udp --dport 123 -m state --state NEW -j ACCEPT -A SERVICES -p udp -m udp --dport 53 -m state --state NEW -j ACCEPT -A SERVICES -p tcp -m tcp --dport 53 -m state --state NEW -j ACCEPT -A SERVICES -p tcp -m udp -m multiport --dports 5060 -m state --state NEW -j ACCEPT -A SERVICES -p tcp -m udp -m multiport --dports 5061 -m state --state NEW -j ACCEPT -A SERVICES -i eth0 -j PSD COMMIT
When Kamailio sends you a packet back, it will be friendly enough to tell you which version of Kamailio is running. This informs the attacker which types of attacks might make sense.
You can change this by adding the below line in your config (somewhere above the loadmodules), you can use this to obscure which version you're running.
server_header="Server: MS Lync"
Or you can just tell Kamailio to not put a server header:
server_signature=no
In the same category you have the sip_warning parameter, which is by default enabled. This setting exposes a lot of information about your infrastructure. In production it is advisable to just disable:
sip_warning=0
To change the user agent header (e.g. used from the dispatcher module to send out OPTIONS requests) use this parameter:
user_agent_header="User-Agent: My SIP Server"
The moment you put a machine on the Internet, it will be scanned. And it won't take long until a <i>Friendly-Scanner</i> floods your machine.
Three types of attacks are to be recognized:
1/ bruteforcing username/password:
Your Kamailio setup can process thousands of SIP packets per second, and at those rates it is worthwhile for attackers to guess credentials which allow them to call out. When users are allowed to create their own passwords, there will be weak passwords.
2/ bruteforcing prefixes:
A typical configuration error is to take shortcuts in your config. In SS7 a typical method to arrange routing, is by adding prefixes to URI's. Attackers know this, and attempt to guess prefixes which behave differently.
3/ Denial of Service:
Whenever you have a packet arriving on your Kamailio machine, it will require a bit of time of your CPU. For some packets there is additional processing done, e.g. whenever credentials are checked you can have a query being executed.
When debugging your setup, it can be very annoying when you see thousands of packets passing over your screen. (stealing content from asipto)
The pike module tracks the number of SIP messages per source IP address, per period. Pike is a very easy to add to your config:
loadmodule "pike.so"
...
# ----- pike params -----
modparam("pike", "sampling_time_unit", 2)
modparam("pike", "reqs_density_per_unit", 20)
modparam("pike", "remove_latency", 4)
...
route {
if (!pike_check_req()) {
xlog("L_ALERT","ALERT: pike block $rm from $fu (IP:$si:$sp)\n");
exit;
}
...
}
In recent sample configs you can just enable #!define WITH_ANTIFLOOD in your config to have this done.
You can add htable module with a special hash table that can store the list of banned IPs and forbid traffic from it for a period of time. Here is an example blocking the IP 5 minutes (autoexpires value in seconds for htable definition):
loadmodule "htable.so"
...
modparam("htable", "htable", "ipban=>size=8;autoexpire=300;")
...
route {
if($sht(ipban=>$si)!=$null)
{
# ip is already blocked - keep the node warm
pike_check_req();
xdbg("request from blocked IP - $rm from $fu (IP:$si:$sp)\n");
exit;
}
if (!pike_check_req()) {
$sht(ipban=>$si) = 1;
xlog("L_ALERT","ALERT: pike block $rm from $fu (IP:$si:$sp)\n");
exit;
}
...
}
So, even if the attacker lowers the rate, it is still banned for 5 minutes. This approach has the benefit of printing the PIKE alert every 5 minutes, being easier to sport in syslog file the IP addresses that persist in flooding. By configuration, htable module will delete the entry automatically after 300sec.
Also, you can print the list of banned IP addresses using Siremis (via MI Commands panel) or kamctl:
kamctl fifo sht_dump ipban
Fail2ban can scan syslog files for specific messages based on regular expressions and act upon matching by banning IP addresses.
Therefore you can print such message to syslog using xlog(). Fail2ban will match it and ban the traffic coming from the IP address you mention in the message.
Create /etc/fail2ban/filter.d/kamailio.conf with following content:
[Definition] # filter for kamailio messages failregex = Blocking traffic from <HOST>
Edit /etc/fail2ban/jail.conf and add:
findtime = 600 [kamailio-iptables] enabled = true filter = kamailio action = iptables-allports[name=KAMAILIO, protocol=all] logpath = /var/log/kamailio.log # update it with your kamailio log path maxretry = 10 bantime = 1800
In Kamailio configuration, use next line whenever you want to ban an IP for half an hour:
xlog("Blocking traffic from $si\n");
Note: $si is a config file variable that expands at runtime to source IP address. In the syslog you will get messages like:
… Blocking traffic from 1.2.3.4 For example, plugging it in the above Kamailio snippets:
...
$var(exp) = $Ts - 900;
if($sht(a=>$au::last_auth) > $var(exp))
{
sl_send_reply("403", "Try later");
xlog("Blocking traffic from $si\n");
exit;
} else {
$sht(a=>$au::auth_count) = 0;
}
...
Now, with this logic, if a user fails to authenticate 3 times in a row during 15 minutes, then the IP address of last registration attempt is blocked in firewall for half an hour by fail2ban.
You can do something similar for pike alerts.
Give them false positives. Even if the above techniques quickly block off every scanning attempt, and even have iptables firewall them away from your Kamailio, when you have a tshark or ngrep running, their futile attempts are just really really annoying.
Hence, one of the things I personally like doing is instead of blocking them off after the 3 wrong authentication errors, is just having all their traffic forwarded to a different kamailio, which is setup to just accept whatever they are sending. A fun variation is, I have a phone (a good old Snom360) on my desk which receives all the Invites coming to my honeypot kamailio.
The end result is, the automated scanners will get false positives and will typically stop. And even more fun, typically the attackers will manually check if the route they have found actually work, so they will actually call you, and then you can have a fun conversation with them :-p
The Homer project has a few methods to detect common attacks. It makes sense to add this to you config, as these attacks should just not be given any attention.
Config is based on the work of the Homer team
#!define WITH_HOMER_SECURITY_CHECKS
...
route[HOMER_SECURITY_CHECKS] {
#!ifdef WITH_HOMER_SECURITY_CHECKS
if (is_method("INVITE|REGISTER")) {
if($ua =~ "(friendly-scanner|sipvicious)") {
xlog("L_INFO","On more scriptkiddie, coming from $si, blocking");
exit;
}
#hostname in contact
if($sel(contact.uri.host) =~ "^(\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3})$") {
xlog("L_INFO","Someone coming form $si using IP addressess instead of DNS ? blocking");
exit;
}
if($au =~ "(\=)|(\-\-)|(')|(\#)|(\%27)|(\%24)" and $au != $null) {
xlog("L_INFO","Someone from $si is doing an sql injection attack, blocking!");
exit;
}
if($(hdr(Record-Route)[0]{nameaddr.uri}) != $si and $(hdr(Record-Route)[0]{nameaddr.uri}) != $null) {
xlog("L_INFO","Spoofing attack detected from $si, blocking");
exit;
}
}
#!endif
}
Secfilter is a module that has been designed to offer an additional layer of security over our communications. To achieve this, the following features are available:
For example, to block IP addresses we have to use a database because it is very common to update the blacklist, since every day we receive many attacks from different places. The goal of this module is to avoid unnecessary queries to the database, so all the data will be in the memory.
We can use RPC commands to update blacklists and whitelists. And also to see some statistics of blocked messages.
Example of use:
loadmodule "geoip2.so"
loadmodule "secfilter.so"
...
modparam("secfilter", "db_url", DBURL)
modparam("secfilter", "dst_exact_match", 0)
...
route[SECURITY_CHECKS] {
if (geoip2_match("$si", "src")) {
secf_check_country($gip2(src=>cc));
# return values ...
# 2 = whitelisted
# 1 = not found
# -1 = error
# -2 = blacklisted
if ($? == -2) {
xalert("$rm from $si blocked because Country '$gip2(src=>cc)' is blacklisted");
exit;
}
}
secf_check_ip();
if ($? == -2) {
xalert("$rm from $si blocked because IP address is blacklisted");
exit;
}
secf_check_sqli_all();
secf_check_ua();
if ($? == -2) {
xalert("$rm from $si blocked because UserAgent '$ua' is blacklisted");
exit;
}
secf_check_from_hdr();
# return values ...
# 4 = name whitelisted
# 3 = domain whitelisted
# 2 = user whitelisted
# 1 = not found
# -1 = error
# -2 = user blacklisted
# -3 = domain blacklisted
# -4 = name blacklisted
switch ($?) {
case -2:
xalert("$rm to $si blocked because From user '$fU' is blacklisted");
exit;
case -3:
xalert("$rm to $si blocked because From domain '$fd' is blacklisted");
case -4:
xalert("$rm to $si blocked because From name '$fn' is blacklisted");
exit;
};
secf_check_to_hdr();
switch ($?) {
case -2:
xalert("$rm to $si blocked because To user '$tU' is blacklisted");
exit;
case -3:
xalert("$rm to $si blocked because To domain '$td' is blacklisted");
exit;
case -4:
xalert("$rm to $si blocked because To name '$tn' is blacklisted");
exit;
};
secf_check_contact_hdr();
switch ($?) {
case -2:
xalert("$rm to $si blocked because Contact user '$ct' is blacklisted");
exit;
case -3:
xalert("$rm to $si blocked because Contact domain '$ct' is blacklisted");
exit;
};
if (is_method("INVITE")) {
secf_check_dst($rU);
if ($? == -2) {
xalert("$rm from $si blocked because destination $rU is blacklisted");
exit;
}
}
}
Some RPC commands:
$ kamcmd secfilter.print ua
User-agent
==========
[+] Blacklisted
-----------
0001 -> friendly-scanner
0002 -> pplsip
0003 -> sipcli
0004 -> sundayddr
0005 -> iWar
0006 -> sipsak
0007 -> VaxSIPUserAgent
0008 -> SimpleSIP
0009 -> SIP Call
0010 -> Ozeki
0011 -> VoIPSec
0012 -> SIPScan
0013 -> Conaito
0014 -> UsaAirport
0015 -> PortSIP VoIP SDK
0016 -> zxcvfdf11
0017 -> fdgddfg546df4g8d5f
[+] Whitelisted
-----------
0001 -> my custom ua
$ kamcmd secfilter.stats Blocked messages (blacklist) ============================ [+] By user-agent : 1256 [+] By country : 45 [+] By from domain : 0 [+] By to domain : 0 [+] By contact domain: 1 [+] By IP address : 2552 [+] By from name : 0 [+] By to name : 0 [+] By contact name : 0 [+] By from user : 316 [+] By to user : 134 [+] By contact user : 0 Allowed messages (whitelist) ============================ [+] By user-agent : 0 [+] By country : 478 [+] By from domain : 0 [+] By to domain : 0 [+] By contact domain: 0 [+] By IP address : 0 [+] By from name : 0 [+] By to name : 0 [+] By contact name : 0 [+] By from user : 0 [+] By to user : 0 [+] By contact user : 0 Other blocked messages ====================== [+] Destinations : 0 [+] SQL injection : 213
Just in case the reader wouldn't know what a digest is (and yes you should read more on the topic), a digest is a simple cryptographic function, which is based on symmetrical encryption.
As a very simplified example, assume having two parties Alice and Bob.
Bob and Alice agree a 'secret' which only they know, for ease of the calculation we take e.g. the number 5.
When Bob contacts Alice, Alice 'challenges' Bob, giving him a question which he has to answer with the secret. E.g. Bob, what is 13 minus the secret. As Bob only knows the secret (5), him giving the correct answer (8), is a guarantee it was Bob giving the 'response'.
Offcourse, the math needs to be a bit more complex, and in SIP it's generally based on MD5 ;)
A SIP digest looks like:
Authorization: Digest username="replayuser", realm="mslync.com", nonce="Uu+v01LvrXvRLxDlRFmj8f+x1sDLIA2ERmialM3+jEm2cBJ0R33hCxp8zyeA", uri="sip:lync.com", response="c9295a60ag08554d26a7e17b7aac780b"
Nonce == the challenge the server sends Response == the Nonce + a cryptographic function + the secret as a variable.
One of the inherit weaknesses of MD5 is that the calculation goes really fast. Which means if one is able to intercept a sip digest, the secret can be bruteforced.
Being the Nonce, the Response & the algoritm is known, the only unknown is the secret. So one can start guessing which secret it is. Today a password between 1 and 6 characters can be cracked on a normal PC in about an hour. To make matters worse, over Amazon EC2, it is claimed a password of 10 characters can be cracked for less then $100. There are even online services offering this, e.g. Cloudcracker
As such, it is advisable to have your secrets be autogenerated, to be long (e.g. 14 characters) and to have a very wide character set.
Also, it is advisable to always use TLS to exchange SIP messages. Do note that it is up to the client to verify the correct certificate is used (otherwise a man in the middle attack is not that difficult)
It is not sufficient for the server to check if the digest is correct. The server should also check if that digest has not been used already! Otherwise an attacker could at infinitum re-use the digest to make calls.
Kamailio has stock already a few mechanisms to combat this, but it can be tweaked to be better. By default a digest can be replayed for 300 seconds, but Kamailio can do better. If you want to test, ngrep an INVITE which has a digest, and follow this quick and (very) dirty way to replay a SIP packet.
You can improve this by adding the following. This will break the possibility to do a replay attack from a different machine, and will reduce the timeframe in which a replay attack can be done.
modparam("auth_db", "db_url", DBURL)
modparam("auth_db", "calculate_ha1", yes)
modparam("auth_db", "password_column", "password")
modparam("auth_db", "load_credentials", "")
modparam("auth_db", "use_domain", MULTIDOMAIN)
modparam("auth", "nonce_count", 1) # enable nonce_count support
modparam("auth", "qop", "auth") # enable qop=auth
modparam("auth", "nonce_expire", 60)
modparam("auth", "nonce_auth_max_drift", 2)
# For REGISTER requests we hash the Request-URI, Call-ID, and source IP of the
# request into the nonce string. This ensures that the generated credentials
# cannot be used with another registrar, user agent with another source IP
# address or Call-ID. Note that user agents that change Call-ID with every
# REGISTER message will not be able to register if you enable this.
modparam("auth", "auth_checks_register", 11)
# For dialog-establishing requests (such as the original INVITE, OPTIONS, etc)
# we hash the Request-URI and source IP. Hashing Call-ID and From tags takes
# some extra precaution, because these checks could render some UA unusable.
modparam("auth", "auth_checks_no_dlg", 9)
# For mid-dialog requests, such as re-INVITE, we can hash source IP and
# Request-URI just like in the previous case. In addition to that we can hash
# Call-ID and From tag because these are fixed within a dialog and are
# guaranteed not to change. This settings effectively restrict the usage of
# generated credentials to a single user agent within a single dialog.
modparam("auth", "auth_checks_in_dlg", 15)